{"id":2,"date":"2014-10-03T10:12:26","date_gmt":"2014-10-03T09:12:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sponges-tahiti.ird.fr\/?page_id=2"},"modified":"2024-04-04T14:26:33","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T12:26:33","slug":"page-d-exemple","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sponges-tahiti.ird.fr\/?page_id=2","title":{"rendered":"Introduction"},"content":{"rendered":"

French Polynesia is a large territory consisting of 118 islands forming five archipelagos with a land mass of only 3519 km2<\/sup> scattered over 5.5 million km2<\/sup> of ocean (7-28\u00b0 South, 134-155\u00b0 West): Society (Leeward and Windward), Tuamotu, Australes, Marquesas and Gambier Islands Archipelagos. The area is reportedly characterized by poor biodiversity, but with high levels of endemism for some groups, either terrestrial or marine. Some marine taxa have been surveyed extensively, such as molluscs (over 400 species), corals (51 genera, 168 species), algae and fishes, whereas our knowledge of others in this region, like sponges, is virtually negligible.<\/p>\r\n

Surveys of French Polynesian sponges were undertaken over many years to fill the gap in our knowledge of this group as a cornerstone for the conservation of marine biodiversity, and also to investigate potential new economical resources in French Polynesia. Like all Pacific Island countries, preservation of the environment often depends closely on placing value on the natural resources, including marine natural products as potential sources of new pharmaceuticals.<\/p>\r\n

Facing a lack of literature on Porifera in French Polynesia, and the sparse knowledge of this group by the Polynesian people (despite their great interest in marine life in general), sponges only have one vernacular name, \u201cP\u016bhune\u201d, for species perforating the pearl oyster shell. The question remained as to whether sponges in French Polynesia were scarce, scattered or difficult to sample. After many marine surveys in each archipelago, the conclusion is they are all that the above. We undertook about 900 dives, down to 60 m depth, to record as exhaustively as possible those marine organisms from a variety of habitats: from the lagoons and their coral patches, inner fringing and outer reefs, passes, rocky slopes, submerged lava tubes, bays and capes, on different windward and seaward exposures. Tahiti wins the first place over all other French Polynesian islands for its sponge diversity, thanks to her most diversified habitats and richest \u201cisland effect\u201d.<\/p>\r\n

Specimens were assigned to an OTU (morphospecies or operational taxonomic unit) and its characteristics documented in an online summary description (or \u2018mudmap\u2019, available at www.spongemaps.org<\/a>). This rigorous process ensured that every specimen acquired was assigned to an OTU (irrespective of whether it was a named taxon recognised within the Linnaean classification system), to enable unequivocal comparison across all collections as \u2018same\u2019 or \u2018different\u2019. Currently, these morphological hypotheses are being tested and supported by independent molecular datasets for a significant number of sponge specimens vouchered in QM collections (see the Sponge Barcoding Project, www.spongebarcoding.org<\/a>). Some widespread sponges are very abundant, which allowed connecting French Polynesia to some other southwestern populations, but 30% of samples were found on only one island, 10% only collected once (\u2018singletons\u2019), and nearly half of all species (46%) found nowhere else in the Pacific Ocean to the best of our knowledge. This corroborates the high level of endemism described for some other marine groups (e.g. 42% for tunicates (Tuamotu), 8.3% for fishes) \u2026 many thinly encrusting species of marine invertebrates still remain on the rocks!<\/p>\r\n

Finally, this website is linked to the Queensland Museum\u2019s database and therefore to WoRMS<\/a>, GBIF<\/a>, and automatically updated once a month, therefore ensuring sustainability of this work. The monthly updated E-book can be downloaded and taken into the field. We hope this work will fulfill the curiosity of people interested in their marine environment, eco-divers who are a great part of tourists in French Polynesia, and scientists alike.<\/p>\r\n

\u2018\u014cmuara\u2019a<\/h2>\r\n

E fenua \u2018\u0101\u2019ano o P\u014dr\u012bnetia far\u0101ni, i te rahira\u2019a e 118 motu i ha\u2019amauhia i ni\u2019a i n\u0101 ta\u2019amotu e 5 i te \u2018\u0101\u2019anora\u2019a e 3\u00a0519 km\u00b2 fenua mar\u014d i purara i ni\u2019a hau atu i te 5,5 mirioni km\u00b2 moana paruparu (7-28\u00b0 \u2018Apato\u2019a, 134-155\u00b0 To\u2019o\u2019a o te r\u0101). O te mau motu\u00a0 T\u014dtaiete (motu ni\u2019a mata\u2019i e te mau motu raro mata\u2019i), Tuamotu, Tuha\u2019apae, \u2018En\u0101ta e Ma\u2019areva m\u0101. E \u2018ihiora veve t\u014d taua v\u0101hi ra, are\u2019a vetahi mau pupu ho\u2019aho\u2019a mea ora o te fenua e aore ra o te moana, ua \u2018aere noa \u012ba. Ua ravehia te mau tuat\u0101papara\u2019a i ni\u2019a i te vetahi mau pupu\u00a0 mea ora o te moana, mai te mau \u2018\u012bna\u2019i \u2018apu (hau atu i te 400 ho\u2019aho\u2019a \u2018\u0101nimara), te mau to\u2019a (51 huru, 168 h\u014dho\u2019a), te mau remu e te mau i\u2019a, are\u2019a te vetahi \u2018\u0113 mai te rimu atiuaea, aita roa \u00efa i t\u0101u\u2019ahia.<\/p>\r\n

Ua tai\u2019ohia te mau rimu atiuaea o P\u014dr\u012bnetia far\u0101ni e rave rahi mau matahiti, n\u014d te fa\u2019arava\u2019i i te \u2018ere o te \u2018ite i ni\u2019a i teie ho\u2019aho\u2019a, o tei riro ho\u2019i ei h\u014d\u2019\u0113 o te mau pou o te \u2018atu\u2019atura\u2019a o te heipuni o te moana, i te h\u014d\u2019\u0113 pae, e n\u014d te m\u0101\u2019imi i te mau puna \u2018imira\u2019a faufa\u2019a \u2018\u0101p\u012b e vai ra i P\u014dr\u012bnetia far\u0101ni. Mai te mau fenua ato\u2019a o te moana Patitifa, tei te huru o te fa\u2019arirora\u2019a i te mau faufa\u2019a puna o te fenua e roa\u2019a ai i te p\u0101ruru i te arutaim\u0101reva, e tae atu i te mau hotu o te moana, te mau puna faufa\u2019a rahi e roa\u2019a mai ai te mau r\u0101\u2019au \u2018\u0101p\u012b.<\/p>\r\n

I te mea aita e p\u0101pa\u2019i a te mau \u2018eivana\u2019a i ni\u2019a i te mau rimu atiuaea o P\u014dr\u012bnetia far\u0101ni, e te rava\u2019i \u2018ore o te \u2018ite o te mau ta\u2019ata i P\u014dr\u012bnetia i ni\u2019a i taua pupu mea ora ra, noa atu t\u014d r\u0101tou \u2018ana\u2019anatae rahi i te parau o te ora i raro i te moana (o te mau r\u012bmu \u2018\u0101\u2019aro ana\u2019e i te \u2018apu p\u0101rau poe tei topahia te i\u2019oa e te m\u0101\u2019ohi, oia te p\u016bhune), t\u0113 toe ra r\u0101 te \u2018itera\u2019a e mea varavara anei te mau r\u012bmu \u2018atiuaea i ni\u2019a i taua ta\u2019amotu ra, e aore ra ua parare haere, e aore ra mea fifi ia tai\u2019o haere.\u00a0 I muri mai e rave rahi mau taime m\u0101\u2019imira\u2019a i roto i te mau ta\u2019amotu ato\u2019a, ua t\u016b te mana\u2019o i te parau \u0113, teie te mau fa\u2019anahora\u2019a ato\u2019a. E 900 hopura\u2019a i raro i te moana, e tae roa i te h\u014dhonura\u2019a e 60 metera, tei ravehia i roa\u2019a mai ai i te tai\u2019o i teie mau ho\u2019aho\u2019a o te moana i roto i te mau nohora\u2019a rau, ni\u2019a mata\u2019i e aore ra raro mata\u2019i\u00a0: te mau tairoto e t\u014d r\u0101tou mau pu\u2019u to\u2019a, te mau papa to\u2019a piri fenua e te mau a\u2019au, te mau ava, te mau mato t\u0101rere, te ana i raro i te moana, te mau \u2018\u014d\u2019o\u2019a e te mau \u2018outu. Tei ia Tahiti te p\u0101rahira\u2019a m\u0101t\u0101mua i mua i te mau motu ato\u2019a o P\u014dr\u012bnetia far\u0101ni, n\u014d te raura\u2019a o te mau huru nohora\u2019a e f\u0101rereihia i reira, e oia ato\u2019a te motu m\u0101t\u0101mua roa i \u2018\u012b i taua mau faufa\u2019a ra.<\/p>\r\n

Ua tu\u2019uhia te tahi n\u016bmera (UTO) t\u0101pa\u2019ora\u2019a ho\u2019aho\u2019a i ni\u2019a i te mea ora t\u0101ta\u2019i tahi e ua p\u0101pa\u2019ihia t\u014dna mau fa\u2019anahora\u2019a i roto i te tahi parau fa\u2019ata\u2019ara\u2019a i tu\u2019uhia i ni\u2019a i te tahua rorouira (www.spongemaps.org<\/a>). Maoti taua fa\u2019anahora\u2019a p\u0101p\u016b i roa\u2019a ai i te h\u014dro\u2019a i te tahi n\u016bmera UTO i te ho\u2019aho\u2019a t\u0101ta\u2019i tahi, e ho\u2019aho\u2019a \u2018itehia anei i roto i te t\u0101pura i\u2019oa a Lin\u00e9e, e aore ra aita, e ravehia atu ai te fa\u2019aaura\u2019a ma te fifi \u2018ore i te mau ho\u2019aho\u2019a o te mau t\u0101pura i\u2019oa \u2018\u0113 atu e, i te \u2018\u0101na\u2019i h\u014d\u2019\u0113 \u0101 anei fa\u2019ahonora\u2019a e aore ra aita. A tae mai ra i teie mahana, ua t\u0101matahia taua mau hi\u2019ora\u2019a i mana\u2019ohia e ua fa\u2019ananeahia e te mau m\u0101\u2019imira\u2019a \u2018\u014druatahi i ravehia i ni\u2019a i te mau ho\u2019aho\u2019a rimu atiuaea e rave rahi o te mau ha\u2019apu\u2019era\u2019a a te Fare Iamanah\u0101 \u00ab\u00a0Queensland Museum\u00a0\u00bb i \u2018Auteraria.<\/p>\r\n

Ua \u2018aere vetahi mau ho\u2019aho\u2019a rimu atiuaea i P\u014dr\u012bnetia far\u0101ni, roa\u2019a atu ai i te fa\u2019at\u016b\u2019ati i t\u0101na mau rimu atiuaea i te vetahi mau ho\u2019aho\u2019a \u2018\u0113 atu o te moana Patitifa \u2018Apato\u2019a-To\u2019o\u2019\u0101 o te r\u0101. Teie r\u0101, \u00a0ua \u2018itehia i ni\u2019a i te h\u014d\u2019\u0113 noa motu te rahira\u2019a e 30% o te mau rimu atiuaea i \u2018ohihia, e 10% o r\u0101tou h\u014d\u2019\u0113 noa taime, e te \u2018\u0101f\u0101ra\u2019a o te mau ho\u2019aho\u2019a (46%), aita \u012ba e vai ra i roto i te tahi v\u0101hi \u2018\u0113 atu i roto i te moana Patitifa, ia au i t\u0101 m\u0101tou m\u0101\u2019imira\u2019a. Ua tuea noa teie mana\u2019o i te tai\u2019o o te mau ho\u2019aho\u2019a e \u2018itehia i te h\u014d\u2019\u0113 noa v\u0101hi, i roto i te mau ho\u2019aho\u2019a \u2018\u0113 atu o te moana (ei hi\u2019ora\u2019a\u00a0: e 42% n\u014d te mau \u00ab\u00a0ascidies\u00a0\u00bb i te pae Tuamotu ma, e 8,3% n\u014d te mau i\u2019a\u2026). T\u0113 vai ra \u0101 te mau ho\u2019aho\u2019a rimu hu\u2019a e te t\u0101pi\u2019i \u2018\u0113 atu e au ia m\u0101\u2019imihia i ni\u2019a i te mau to\u2019a\u00a0! I te h\u014dpe\u2019a, ua t\u016b\u2019atihia taua tahua rorouira ra i ni\u2019a i te mau \u2018\u0101na\u2019ira\u2019a niu a te fare Iamanah\u0101 Queensland Museum e, oia ho\u2019i i ni\u2019a i te fa\u2019anahora\u2019a WoRMS<\/a> e te GBIF<\/a>, mai te reira e fa\u2019a\u2019\u0101p\u012b t\u0101mauhia te \u2018\u0101na\u2019ira\u2019a h\u014d\u2019\u0113 taime i te \u2018\u0101va\u2019e, e vai faufa\u2019a ai taua \u2018ohipa ra e a tau noa atu. E roa\u2019a teie puta uira, o t\u0113 fa\u2019a\u2019\u0101p\u012bhia i te mau \u2018\u0101va\u2019e ato\u2019a, ia rave mai \u0113 ta\u2019ita\u2019i atu ai i ni\u2019a i te v\u0101hi \u2018ohipara\u2019a. T\u0113 ti\u2019aturi nei m\u0101tou e \u2018ana\u2019anatae mai te mau ta\u2019ata e ha\u2019apa\u2019o ra i te parau o te arutaim\u0101reva, te mau manihini hopu moana iho\u0101 ra, o r\u0101tou ho\u2019i te rahira\u2019a o te mau manihini e tae mai nei i P\u014dr\u012bnetia far\u0101ni nei, e tae atu i te mau \u2018eivana\u2019a ato\u2019a.<\/p>\r\n

Introduction<\/h2>\r\n

La Polyn\u00e9sie fran\u00e7aise est un immense territoire compos\u00e9 de 118 \u00eeles formant 5 archipels, avec seulement 3519 km\u00b2 de terres \u00e9merg\u00e9es dispers\u00e9es sur plus de 5,5 million km2<\/sup> d\u2019oc\u00e9an (7-28\u00b0 Sud, 134-155\u00b0 Ouest). Ce sont les \u00eeles de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 (\u00eeles du vent et \u00eeles sous le vent), Tuamotu, Australes, Marquises et Gambier. La r\u00e9gion est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par une biodiversit\u00e9 pauvre, mais de forts taux d\u2019end\u00e9misme pour certains groupes terrestres ou marins. Quelques groupes marins ont fait l\u2019objet d\u2019\u00e9tudes importantes comme les mollusques (plus de 400 esp\u00e8ces), les coraux (51 genres, 168 esp\u00e8ces), les algues et les poissons, alors que d\u2019autres comme les spongiaires ont \u00e9t\u00e9 quasiment n\u00e9glig\u00e9s.<\/p>\r\n

L\u2019inventaire des \u00e9ponges de Polyn\u00e9sie fran\u00e7aise a \u00e9t\u00e9 entrepris sur plusieurs ann\u00e9es, d\u2019une part pour combler le vide de connaissances sur ce groupe qui est pourtant l\u2019un des fondements de la conservation de l\u2019environnement marin, et d\u2019autre part pour rechercher de nouvelles ressources \u00e9conomiques potentielles en Polyn\u00e9sie fran\u00e7aise. Comme tous les pays insulaires du Pacifique, la protection de l\u2019environnement d\u00e9pend \u00e9troitement des valeurs attach\u00e9es aux ressources naturelles, y compris les produits naturels marins, source potentielle de nouveaux m\u00e9dicaments.<\/p>\r\n

Devant quasi n\u00e9ant de litt\u00e9rature scientifique sur les Porif\u00e8res de Polyn\u00e9sie fran\u00e7aise, et le peu de connaissances des Polyn\u00e9siens sur ce groupe malgr\u00e9 leur grand int\u00e9r\u00eat pour la vie marine en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral (seules les \u00e9ponges perforant les hu\u00eetres perli\u00e8res ont un nom vernaculaire polyn\u00e9sien, \u201cp\u016bhune\u201d), il restait \u00e0 savoir si les \u00e9ponges de cet archipel sont rares, dispers\u00e9es ou difficiles \u00e0 \u00e9chantillonner. Apr\u00e8s plusieurs campagnes men\u00e9es sur tous les archipels, la conclusion est qu\u2019elles sont tout cela. Environ 900 plong\u00e9es jusqu\u2019\u00e0 60 m de profondeur on permis de r\u00e9colter de fa\u00e7on aussi exhaustive que possible ces organismes marins dans des habitats diversifi\u00e9s sous diff\u00e9rentes expositions, au vent ou sous le vent\u00a0: des lagons et leur patates de corail, r\u00e9cifs frangeants et barri\u00e8res, passes, pentes rocheuses, lavatubes immerg\u00e9s, baies et caps. Tahiti gagne la premi\u00e8re place de toutes les \u00eeles de Polyn\u00e9sie fran\u00e7aise pour sa diversit\u00e9 en \u00e9ponges, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la grande diversit\u00e9 des habitats qui y sont rencontr\u00e9s mais aussi \u00e0 l\u2019\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0effet d\u2019\u00eele\u00a0\u00bb le plus riche.<\/p>\r\n

Un num\u00e9ro d\u2019UTO (esp\u00e8ce morphologique ou unit\u00e9 taxonomique op\u00e9rationnelle) a \u00e9t\u00e9 attribu\u00e9 \u00e0 chaque sp\u00e9cimen \u00a0et ses caract\u00e9ristiques rassembl\u00e9es dans une fiche descriptive en ligne (disponible sur le site www.spongemaps.org<\/a>). Cette m\u00e9thode rigoureuse permet d\u2019assurer l\u2019attribution \u00e0 chaque sp\u00e9cimen d\u2019un UTO, que ce soit une esp\u00e8ce identifi\u00e9e dans la classification Linn\u00e9enne ou non, permettant la comparaison sans \u00e9quivoque des sp\u00e9cimens des diff\u00e9rentes collections et de les classer comme identiques ou diff\u00e9rents. \u00c0 l’heure actuelle, ces hypoth\u00e8ses morphologiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 test\u00e9es et renforc\u00e9es par des ensembles de donn\u00e9es mol\u00e9culaires ind\u00e9pendants pour un nombre important de sp\u00e9cimens d\u2019\u00e9ponges des collections du Queensland Museum en Australie (voir le projet \u00ab\u00a0Sponge Barcoding\u00a0\u00bb, www.spongebarcoding.org<\/a>). Quelques \u00e9ponges de large r\u00e9partition g\u00e9ographique sont abondantes en Polyn\u00e9sie fran\u00e7aise, permettant de relier sa faune des spongiaires \u00e0 d\u2019autres populations du Pacifique Sud-Ouest. Cependant, 30% des \u00e9chantillons n\u2019ont \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9s que sur une seule \u00eele, 10% seulement une fois, et environ la moiti\u00e9 des esp\u00e8ces (46%) nulle part ailleurs \u00e0 notre connaissance dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an Pacifique. Ceci est en accord avec le haut taux d\u2019end\u00e9misme d\u00e9crit pour d\u2019autres groupes marins (ex\u00a0: 42% d\u2019end\u00e9misme pour les ascidies (Tuamotu), 8,3% pour les poissons\u2026). Beaucoup d\u2019esp\u00e8ces encro\u00fbtantes et fines sont encore \u00e0 d\u00e9couvrir sur les roches\u00a0!<\/p>\r\n

Enfin, ce site internet est reli\u00e9 \u00e0 la base de donn\u00e9es du Queensland Museum et donc au WoRMS<\/a> (\u00ab\u00a0World Register of Marine Species\u00a0\u00bb) et GBIF<\/a> (\u00ab\u00a0Global Biodiversity Information Facility\u00a0\u00bb), et automatiquement mis \u00e0 jour une fois par mois, assurant ainsi la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 de ce travail. Le livre \u00e9lectronique actualis\u00e9 mensuellement peut \u00eatre t\u00e9l\u00e9charg\u00e9 et emport\u00e9 sur le terrain. Nous esp\u00e9rons que ce travail satisfera la curiosit\u00e9 des personnes int\u00e9ress\u00e9es par leur environnement, des \u00e9co-touristes plongeurs qui repr\u00e9sentent une grande partie des touristes en Polyn\u00e9sie fran\u00e7aise, ainsi que bien s\u00fbr les scientifiques.<\/p>\r\n

\"Licence<\/a>Sponges of Polynesia http:\/\/sponges-polynesia.ird.fr\/<\/a> is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"French Polynesia is a large territory consisting of 118 islands forming five archipelagos with a land mass of only 3519 km2 scattered over 5.5 million km2 of ocean (7-28\u00b0 South, 134-155\u00b0 West): Society (Leeward and Windward), Tuamotu, Australes, Marquesas and Gambier Islands Archipelagos. The area is reportedly characterized by poor biodiversity, but with high levels … Continuer la lecture de Introduction<\/span><\/a>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sponges-tahiti.ird.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sponges-tahiti.ird.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sponges-tahiti.ird.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sponges-tahiti.ird.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sponges-tahiti.ird.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/sponges-tahiti.ird.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2322,"href":"https:\/\/sponges-tahiti.ird.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2\/revisions\/2322"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sponges-tahiti.ird.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}